CE1 and 2 are active, usually fertile cysts containing viable protoscoleces. The number of cyst types remains unchanged from Gharbi’s classification and the types are categorized into active, transitional, and inactive stages. Many other classifications were subsequently produced but were not widely adopted. developed the first ultrasound classification for CE in 1981. Imaging techniques have revolutionized the diagnosis and clinical management of CE. Treatment methods include chemotherapy with benzimidazole carbamates and/or surgical approaches, including percutaneous aspiration injection and respiration. The indirect hemagglutination test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and are the initial screening tests of choice. Diagnosis involves serum serologic testing for antibodies against hydatid antigens (test for indirect hemagglutination, sensitivity of 90% in hepatic echinococcus and 40% for pulmonary echinococcus), but preferably with imaging by ultrasound or computed tomography or electromagnetic resonance.
Upon infection with CE, cyst formation mainly occurs in the liver (70%). Different methods, based on morphology, physiology, biochemistry or molecular genetics, have been used for strain differentiation of Echinococcus (two main strains: echinococcus granulosus (common) and echinococcus alveolaris/multilocularis: less common but more invasive. Humans are accidental host and the infection occurs by ingesting food contaminated with Echinococcus eggs. Hydatid cyst is caused by Echinococcus infection, resulting in cyst formation anywhere in the body. Larval infection, cystic echinococcosis, is characterised by long term development of hydatid cysts in the intermediate host. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a widely endemic helminthic disease caused by infection with metacestodes (larval stage) of the Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm.
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